101 Role of semantics in a phonics through spelling intervention 4 Orthographic Errors Type of Error Explanation and Examples aai/ooi/oei The letterclusters aai/ooi/oei are pronounced as aaj/ooj/oej. Errors: write the j instead of the i. eeuw/ieuw/ uw The letterclusters eeuw/ieuw/uw are pronounced as iw/iew/uuw, for instance in leeuw (lion), nieuw (new) and duw (push). Errors: writings like ‘leew’ instead of ‘leeuw’. i/ie/y The sound /ie/ can be writing in three ways. The two-character vowel ‘ie’ and ‘y’ are always pronounced like ‘ie’, for instance in ‘gieter’ (watering can) and ‘systeem’ (system). The letter ‘i’ is pronounced like ‘ie’ or ‘i’ depending on the word, for instance ‘liter’ (/ lietur/) and dieper (/diepur/, deeper). It needs to be learned by heart whether to write the ‘ie’, ‘i’ or ‘y’ in case of an /ie/. Errors: writings like ‘lieter’/’lyter’ instead of ‘liter’. g/ch The sound /g/ (not followed by a ‘t’ as in the gt/cht rule) can be written in two ways; ‘g’ or ‘ch’. It needs to be learned by heart whether to write the ‘g’/‘ch’. Errors: writings like ‘zach’ (no Dutch meaning) instead of ‘zag’ (saw). c/k/s The sound /k/ can be written as ‘k’ or ‘c’ and the sound /s/ can be written as ‘s’ or ‘c’. It needs to be learned by heart whether to write the ‘k’/’c’ and ‘s’/’c’. Errors: writings like ‘creeft’ (lobster) instead of ‘kreeft’ (lobster). f/v and s/z Although there is a difference in sounds the ‘f ’ and ‘v’ and ‘s’and ‘z’ sound alike, for instance in fiets (bike) and vlag (flag). For many children this is therefore an orthographic category. Errors: writings like ‘viets’ instead of ‘fiets’ (bike) or ‘see’ instead of ‘zee’ (sea). ou/au/ouw/ auw and ei/ij The sound /au/ can be writing in four ways; ‘au’/’ou’/’auw’/’ouw’, and /ij/ as ‘ij’or ‘ei’. For instance in ‘saus’ (sauce), ‘kous’ (stocking), ‘rauw’ (raw) or ‘mouw’ (sleeve). It needs to be learned by heart which letter combination to write. Errors: writings like ‘sous’ instead of ‘saus’ (sauce) ‘or trijn’ instead of ‘trein’ (train). Schwa A reduced vowel in unstressed syllables that in Dutch is pronounced like /u/. It may be written using any of the following letters: ‘e’, as in muren (walls) ‘i’, as in grappig (funny) ‘ij’, as in moeilijk (difficult) The schwa-parts of words need to be learned by heart. Errors: writings like ‘grappug’/’grappeg’ instead of ‘grappig’ (funny). Appendix B. Removed Types of Errors. Type of error Explanation, Examples and total Error Calculation Tone discoloration The letters ‘r’ and ‘l’ can discolorate the tone of certain grapheme or grapheme-clusters such as ee, oo, eu, ij and ei. For instance, ‘veel’ (a lot of) sounds like /vil/ with a slightly long stretched short vowel /i/, Errors: mostly the tone discoloration is not recognized and the short vowels are written down. For instance, ‘vil’ instead of ‘veel’. Deleted because it could be classified as both morphological as orthographic. Adhesive letters In certain parts in the Netherlands a schwa is added in between two consonants in the letterclusters with ‘r’ (-rg/-rp/-rm/-rk/-rf) and with ‘l’ (-lg/-lp/-lm/-lk/-lf). For instance, the word ‘tulp’ (tulip) is pronounce /tulup/. A schwa is added between two consonants. Errors: the schwa is sometimes added in the written word, for instance ‘tulup’ instead of ‘tulp’. Deleted because it could be classified as both morphological as orthographic or phonological error. -ng/-nk The grapheme-combination ‘-ng’ and ‘-nk’ are difficult because the sound is different from the known grapheme’s ‘n’, ‘g’ and ‘k’. The ‘ng’ forms a new sound and de ‘nk’ is pronounced like ‘ngk’. The sound and grapheme-combination have to be known by heart. Errors: mostly the ‘ng’ is written like ‘n’ for instance ‘krin’ instead of ‘kring’ (circle). The ‘nk’ is mostly written like ‘ngk’ for instance in ‘flingk’ instead of ‘flink’ (brave). Deleted because some schools treat it as a grapheme-phoneme correspondence whereas others see it as an orthographic word to remember.
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