67 Response to phonics through spelling intervention 3 Table 3.2 Pearson Correlations between the Predictor Measures (i.e., Length of Intervention, Perceptual Cognitive Skills, Age, Working Memory, Phonological Awareness, and Rapid Automatized Naming) and Criterion Measures (i.e., Percentiles Scores of Pseudoword Decoding Pretest/Posttest, Word Decoding Pretest/Posttest, and Spelling Pretest/Posttest). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1. Length of intervention - 2. Perceptual cognitive skills .277* - 3. Age .108 .445** - 4. Phonological awareness .066 .257 .333* - 5. Rapid automatized naming -.136 -.182 -.425** -.214 - 6. Verbal working memory -.287* .083 .123 .099 .040 - 7. Pseudoword decoding pretest -.004 .105 .032 .185 -.225 .094 - 8. Pseudoword decoding posttest -.102 -.132 -.168 .168 -.257 .152 .668** - 9. Word decoding pretest .010 .078 .085 .191 -.298* -.068 .590** .523* - 10. Word decoding posttest .070 .034 .199 .312* -.334* .108 .490** .584* .587** - 11. Word spelling pretest .200 .067 -.080 -.032 .099 .186 .078 .079 -.036 .017 - 12. Word spelling posttest .370** .474** .224 .385** -.209 .162 .294* .210 .146 .262 .365** - * p< .05. ** p< .01. *** p< .001. Robustness of the intervention Second, the robustness for variation in individual cognitive profiles of a phonics through spelling intervention in a rather transparent orthography was examined by multiple linear regressions. Table 3.1 presents the descriptive statistics for both raw and percentile scores of the individual change per session. In the multiple linear regressions, for all outcome measures percentile scores were used to control for age, as the children in this study vary in age. We performed threemultiple linear regression analyses (one for each outcome variable). Variables were added in three steps. The predictor variables (i.e., phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, verbal working memory) were entered in Step 1, followed by perceptual cognitive skills in Step 2 to control for variation in perceptual cognitive skills. Finally, in Step 3, pretest percentile scores were entered to see variation at the start of the intervention predicted the mean change per session during the intervention.
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