39 Conceptualization and Measurement of Proactive Vitality Management the two surveys was 3.97 days (SD = 4.94). The mean age of the participants was 36.43 (SD = 12.96), and 51.6% of the sample was male. Of all participants, 71.0% had completed higher vocational education or held a university degree. Participants worked on average 38.63 hours per week (SD = 8.63) in a wide range of professions and sectors, including finances (15.7%), business (13.3%), health care (6.5%), trade (6.9%), hotel and catering (6.0%), or other sectors such as education, government and the creative industry. They worked on average 8.07 years for their current employer (SD = 9.12). More than half of the participants (57.7%) had a permanent employment contract, and 36.1% held a supervisory position. Measures Proactive vitality management was measured both on general and day-level using the eight-item scale that was developed and validated in this research (see Table 1). Cronbach’s alphas of all the measures can be found in Table 2 (general-level) and 3 (day-level). General Level Proactive personality. Proactive personality was measured using the 6-item version of the Proactive Personality Scale (PPS; Bateman & Crant, 1993), validated by Claes, Beheydt and Lemmens (2005). An example item is “I excel at identifying opportunities” (1 = totally disagree, 5 = totally agree). Self-insight. Self-insight was measured using the 8-item subscale of the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS; Grant et al., 2002). An example item is “I usually know why I feel the way I do” (1 = totally disagree, 6 = totally agree). Job crafting. Job crafting was measured using the 21-item Job Crafting Scale (JCS; Tims, Bakker, & Derks, 2012). Example items for all four dimensions are “I try to learn new things at work” (increasing structural job resources), “I ask colleagues for advice” (increasing social job resources), “When there is not much to do at work, I see it as an opportunity to start new projects” (increasing challenging job demands), and “I make sure that my work is mentally less intense” (decreasing hindering job demands). Participants could respond to these items on a scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). 2
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