9 1 General introduction collaboration (IPC) in clinical practice. In 2002, Barr defined IPE as, “when two or more professions learn with, from and about each other to improve collaborations and the quality of care” (Barr, 2002). The need for more interprofessional collaboration and education has led D'Amour and Oandasan (2005) to formulate a definition of the concept ‘interprofessionality’. They proposed a framework that identifies the processes and determinants of interprofessional education and collaboration. Interprofessionality is defined ‘as the development of a cohesive practice between professionals from different disciplines’ and extends beyond simply working together in teams to comprehend a deeper understanding and appreciation of each other's roles, expertise, and contributions. D’amour and Oandasan highlight the importance of IPC and IPE in addressing the complex and multifaceted needs of patients, particularly in healthcare settings where interprofessional collaboration is essential. Furthermore, they emphasize the need for healthcare professionals to develop collaborative skills, effective communication strategies, and a shared understanding of common goals to optimize patient care outcomes. To fully understand the processes and determinants of IPC and IPE, they have proposed the framework of ‘‘Interprofessional Education for Collaborative Patient-centred Practice (IECPCP)’’. This framework provides an overview of the linkages between IPE and IPC, and the determinants that influence IPE programs and IPC within healthcare systems. INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Interprofessional collaboration and education are interdependent and necessary to provide efficient patient centered care now and in the future. Over the past few decades, this awareness has grown. IPE initiatives and IPE research began in the 1980s as a tiny group of enthusiasts dispersed over the globe. Since then, the IPE initiatives as well as the body of literature about IPE has grown enormously (Reeves et al., 2012). The literature today describes different aspects of IPE, for example: • Different examples of IPE initiatives (Murdoch et al., 2017; Nelson et al., 2017; Reeves et al., 2013) • Readiness for IPE (AlZaabi et al., 2023; Atwa et al., 2023; O'Leary et al., 2023) • Barriers and facilitators to IPE (Bowman et al., 2023; Katoue et al., 2020; Lawlis et al., 2014) • Effectiveness of IPE (Guraya & Barr, 2018; Reeves et al., 2013; Spaulding et al., 2021)
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