11 1 General introduction Continuous professional development • Left lower quadrant: In the context of continuous professional development, IPE can also be offered in a classroom setting. Specific training can be offered to groups of professionals. In this context, the professionals usually work together on a clinical ward, and the IPE training is offered in simulation, to practice specific clinical events, e.g. Crew Resource Management (CRM). • Right lower quadrant: IPE to professionals can also be offered in clinical practice, for example by offering coaching during interprofessional rounds or multidisciplinary team meetings. By definition, all IPE initiatives involve 2 or more professions. Nursing is the profession most often present in IPE, but also medical, pharmacy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, midwifery and several other professions may be included. EVIDENCE OF IPE The evidence of the effectiveness of interprofessional education has increased significantly over the last ten years. Reeves et al. (2016) wrote in a review about interprofessional education and the effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes, he described some positive effects, but groups were small and the effects could not simply be extrapolated. In this review, as well as the reviews that followed, the effects of IPE interventions were classified according to the modified Kirkpatrick levels for learner outcomes, defined by Barr et al. (2005). These levels are ordered hierarchically (Figure 1.1): • Level 1: Reaction • Level 2a: Modification of attitudes/perception • Level 2b: Acquisition of knowledge and/or skills • Level 3: Behavioural change • Level 4a: Change in organizational practice • Level 4b: Benefits to patients/clients Below we discuss the evidence of IPE on these different levels.
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