99 Barriers and Facilitators Associated with the Implementation of Technical Improvements in Medical Beds 4 Table 2 presents the key elements of this process evaluation, providing an overview of outcomes, data sources, participants, and analysis methods. Each process element was designed to address specific aspects of the evaluation, all these elements are defined in table 2. Study setting and population The study included patients, nurses, and other stakeholders from clinical wards within our tertiary hospital. However, three wards were excluded for specific reasons; the psychiatry ward did not use smart beds, the Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital did not consistently use the beds, while the nuclear medicine ward was inaccessible due to safety restrictions. Patients were eligible to participate if they were admitted to a clinical ward on the conveniently selected observation days. Exclusions applied to patients receiving endof-life care or those in isolation rooms requiring protective measures for infectious diseases, to avoid shortages of personal protective equipment – particularly critical during the COVID-19 pandemic. For all eligible patients, the functionalities of the beds were observed. Since it was essential for the study to include data from delirious and intubated patients, beds from patients unable to provide consent were observed without demographic data from these patients. These two groups were particularly relevant as two of the key smart functions – fall-detection and head-of-bed-angle alarm – are specifically designed to address their needs.
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