174 Chapter 6 Table 2b. Design and characteristics of controlled studies (N=15) Author (y), Country Design study Setting Target group Type of low value care Primary outcome (s) Posttest intervention group (%)# Posttest Control group (%)# Statistical analyses performed (Yes/No) Positive significant effect (Yes/No) Desveaux et al. (2017) [38]* Cluster RCT Nursing home Nurses Antipsychotic prescribing (APM) The days dispensed APM in the previous week 624/2947 (21.2%) 898/4162 (21.6%) Yes No Evans et al. 1997, USA [39] RCT Nursing home Gerontologic nurses Restraint use The prevalence of restraint use 18/127 (14.2%) 79/184 (42.9%) Yes Yes Fitzpatrick (1997), USA [40] Controlled before after Hospital Critical care and intermediate nurse Restraint use The incidence of restraint use 29/91 (31.9%) 8/51 (15.7%) Yes No Gulpers et al. (2011), The Netherlands [41] Controlled before after Nursing home Psychogeriatric nurses Restraint use The rate of residents with at least 1 physical restraint 135/250 (54.0%) 107/155 (69.0%) Yes Yes Gulpers et al. (2013), the Netherlands [42] Controlled before after Nursing home Psychogeriatric nurses Restraint use The rate of residents with at least 1 physical restraint 80/134 (59.7%) 68/91 (74.7%) Yes Yes Huang et al. (2009) [43]** Controlled before after Hospital Nurses Restraint use The reported Practice of Physical Restraint Use 40.88 39.20 Yes Yes Huizing et al. (2009), The Netherlands [44] Cluster RCT Nursing home Nurses and registered Nurses Restraint use The use of restraints per residents 25/53 (47.2%) 15/37 (40.5%) Yes No Huizing et al. (2009), The Netherlands [45] Cluster RCT Nursing home Nurses Restraint use The use of restraints per residents 81/126 (64.3%) 69/115 (60.0%) Yes No Koczy et al. (2011), Germany [46] Cluster RCT Nursing home Nurses Restraint use The complete cessation of restraint use 173/208 (83.2%) 114/125 (91.2%) Yes No
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