172 Chapter 6 Table 2a. Design and characteristics of uncontrolled studies (N=12) Author (y), Country Design study Setting Target group Type of low value care Primary outcome (s) Before After Difference/ statistical test results Statistical analyses performed (Yes/No) Positive significant effect (p≤ 0.05, Yes/No) Alexaitis et al. (2014), USA [27] Uncontrolled Before-after Hospital ICU nurses Catheter use The average percentage of catheter utilization 74.14% 76.2% 2.08% Yes No Amato et al. (2006), USA [28] Uncontrolled Before-after Hospital Nurses Restraint use The percentage of restraint use (2 units) - - -29.2% stroke rehabilitation unit, -16,2% brain injury unit No / Andersen et al. (2017), Denmark [29] Uncontrolled Before-after Hospital Nurses Restraint use The percentage of restraint use - - -38% Yes No Davis et al. (2008), USA [30] Uncontrolled Before-after Hospital Nurse Practitioner Antibiotic prescribing The rate of antibiotic prescribing - - F= 0.076 Yes No Eskandaria et al. (2018), Malaysia [31] Uncontrolled before-after Hospital Nurses Restraint use The incidence rate of physical restraint use 5.57% 3.81% -1.76% Yes Yes Hevenver et al. (2016), USA [32] Uncontrolledbefore after Hospital ICU nurses Restraint use The incidence rate of restraint use - - -32% Yes Yes Link et al. (2016), USA [43] Uncontrolled Before-after Urgent care center Nurse practitioner (NP) and Physician Assistant (PA) Antibiotic prescribing The rate of antibiotic prescribing 91.7% 29.8% -61.9% Yes Yes
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