23 Clinical and personal recovery, a meta-analysis personal recovery, or between aspects of both; (2) the article includes quantitative data. After the screening, the full-texts of the remaining studies were obtained. Study selection To be considered for inclusion in the meta-analysis, studies had to meet the following inclusion criteria: 1. DSM diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder in >90% of the study sample. The current DSM-5 definition of the schizophrenia spectrum was used, which includes the following diagnoses: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder and schizotypal (personality) disorder. The “other psychotic disorders”, including substance/medicationinduced psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder due to another medical condition, catatonia, and other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders were excluded (26). 2. Clinical recovery was defined as severity of psychotic symptoms, measured with a valid clinical instrument, such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); and/or as severity of emotional distress measured with a valid instrument such as the Calgary Depression Scale (CDS); and/or as functioning assessed with measures such as the GAF. 3. A valid measure was used to assess personal recovery (eg Recovery Assessment Scale [RAS]), hope (eg Beck Hopelessness Scale [BHS]), empowerment (eg Empowerment Scale [ES]) or connectedness (eg Social Connectedness Scale [SCS]). 4. Effect sizes or data that enabled effect size calculation or estimation were reported. We excluded studies without original data (ie articles which used the same patient sample), or not published in peer-reviewed journals (ie reviews, conference abstracts, book chapters). Data collection and items Data were collected directly from the text, correlation matrixes, or other statistical tables from the included studies. Sample size, mean age, gender, primary diagnosis, country of origin of the study, clinical setting, stage of the disorder (early psychosis or chronic), the mean duration of illness, clinical outcome measure used, personal recovery measure used, and effect sizes of the relationships between clinical and personal measures were extracted. Unfortunately, most studies did not report on the phase of the disorder (ie active or remission). Risk of bias in studies and study quality The methodological quality of individual studies was assessed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) assessment tool. This specific tool has been 2
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw