214 Chapter 7 incubations, respectively (Figure 2, Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 3). The unamended control and the sulfate treatment selected for canonical SRB from the order Thermodesulfovibrionales, as well as for the Chloroflexota phylum, genus RBG-13-51-26, or the phylum RGB-13-61-14 (Supplementary Tables 3, 4 and 5). 0 25 50 75 Sed. 23cm Sed. 25cm Control Sulfate MnO2 Reads mapped (%) Others >0.5% Others <0.5% Sed MAG Ca. Methanoperedens 1 SedMAGCa.Methanoperedens 2 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 5 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 3 MnO2 MAG Methanoperedens MAG Desulfobacterota c. QYQDO1 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 1 MAG Desulfobacterota F c. SM23-61 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. RBG-13-51-36 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 2 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 3 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. VGOF01 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 1 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 2 Summed non-canonical SRB Methane oxidizer Canonical SRB Sed. 23cm Sed. 25cm Control Sulfate MnO2 Others >0.5% Others <0.5% Sed MAG Methanoperedens 1 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 2 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 5 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 3 MnO2 MAG Methanoperedens MAG Desulfobacterota c. QYQD01 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 1 MAG Desulfobacterota F c. SM23-61 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. RBG-13-51-36 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 2 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 3 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. VGOF01 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 1 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 2 Summed non-canonical SRB Sed. 23cm Sed. 25cm Control Sulfate MnO2 Others >0.5% Others <0.5% Sed MAG Ca. Methanoperedens 1 SedMAGCa.Methanoperedens 2 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 5 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 3 MnO2 MAG Methanoperedens MAG Desulfobacterota c. QYQD01 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 1 MAG Desulfobacterota F c. SM23-61 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. RBG-13-51-36 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 2 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 3 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. VGOF01 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 1 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 2 Summed non-canonical SRB Sed. 23cm Sed. 25cm Control Sulfate MnO2 Others >0.5% Others <0.5% Sed MAG Ca. Methanoperedens 1 SedMAGCa.Methanoperedens 2 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 5 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 3 MnO2 MAG Methanoperedens MAG Desulfobacterota c. QYQD01 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 1 MAG Desulfobacterota F c. SM23-61 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. RBG-13-51-36 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 2 MAG Nitrospirotao. Thermodesulfovibrionales 3 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. VGOF01 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 1 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 2 Summed non-canonical SRB 0 25 50 75 Sed. 23cm Sed. 25cm Control Sulfate MnO2 Reads mapped (%) Others >0.5% Others <0.5% Sed MAG Ca. Methanoperedens 1 SedMAGCa.Methanoperedens 2 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 5 Sed MAG Methanoperedens 3 MnO2 MAG Methanoperedens MAG Desulfobacterota c. QYQD01 MAG Nitrospirota o. Thermodesulfovibrionales 1 MAG Desulfobacterota F c. SM23-61 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. RBG-13-51-36 MAG Nitrospirota o. Thermodesulfovibrionales 2 MAG Nitrospirota o. Thermodesulfovibrionales 3 MAG Chloroflexota c. Dehalococcoidia g. VGOF01 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 1 MAG RBG-13-61-14 c. RBG-13-61-14 2 Summed non-canonical SRB Figure 2. Percentage of mapped reads of top (above 0.5% for all metagenome sources) Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs) analyzed across the two sediment depths (23 cm and 25 cm) and the three incubations: unamended control, sulfate, and manganese oxides. Subcategories include anaerobic methane oxidizers and canonical sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (containing dsrABCD) and non-canonical SRB (containing dsrABC), as described in Diao et al. (2023). The “Others” category is subdivided into all genomes that either exceeded 0.5% (dark grey) across all metagenome sources or fell below this threshold (light grey). The remaining reads constitute the unbinned fraction (not filling up to 100%). MnO2 amendments showed marked potential for Mn-AOM in sediment and strongly enriched for one “Ca. Methanoperedens” sp. representative in the seed community The most abundant MAG in the manganese oxide incubations, “MnO2 MAG Methanoperedens 1” showed 99.7% 16S rRNA identity with one particular “Ca.
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