Introduction | 23 1 values and preferences should play a central role in healthcare decisions39–41. The benefits of SDM include enhanced patient satisfaction, improved treatment adherence, and a more personalized healthcare experience, particularly in conditions where multiple treatment options exist. However, challenges include time constraints in busy clinical settings, the need for healthcare providers to be skilled in communication and negotiation, and potential increased anxiety in some patients42,43. SDM in the medical field is most appropriately applied when patients are faced with decisions involving complex treatment options, multiple possible outcomes, and uncertainty regarding the best course of action. This approach empowers patients to actively participate in their healthcare by collaborating with healthcare professionals to weigh the risks and benefits of different options, leading to decisions that align with their individual circumstances and preferences. It is especially valuable in chronic conditions, end-of-life care, and situations where there are trade-offs between treatment benefits and potential harms. The success of SDM in improving patient outcomes underscores the importance of further research and implementation support41,44–47. An established model of SDM consists of three essential components: “team talk,” emphasizing support for patients when introducing options and eliciting their goals; “option talk,” involving the comparison of alternatives using risk communication principles; and “decision talk,” focusing on reaching decisions that reflect informed patient preferences, guided by healthcare professionals’ experience and expertise. This model provides a structured framework for collaboration and deliberation in the decision-making process48. Decisional conflict arises when individuals face uncertainty and struggle to make choices among various options, particularly when they feel uninformed or uncertain about which option aligns best with their values and preferences. This internal struggle can lead to stress, anxiety, and indecision, hindering the decision-making process and potentially resulting in suboptimal choices49,50. Decision regret, on the other hand, occurs when individuals experience negative emotions or dissatisfaction with a decision they have made, often in hindsight. This regret may stem from a perception that an alternative option would have yielded a better outcome or that the chosen course of action did not align with their expectations or values51,52. Both decisional conflict and decision regret underscore the importance of effective decision-making processes that prioritize informed choice, active participation, and consideration of individual values and preferences. Shared Decision Making (SDM) aims to address these challenges by fostering collaboration between patients and healthcare providers, providing patients with the information and support they need to make decisions that are aligned with their goals and values, thereby reducing decisional conflict and minimizing the likelihood of decision regret53.
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