Chapter 2 48 Additional file 6.2 ‘Quality assessment of included studies according to Quality assessment tools by National Institutes of Health (2014)’ Study (author) 1: 1. Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? 2: Was the study population clearly specified and defined? 3: Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? 4: Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants? 5: Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? 6: For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? 7: Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? 8: For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)? 9: Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? 10: Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? 11: Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? 12: Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? 13: Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? 14: Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)? Overall quality assessment 35 yes no yes no NA no no yes no no NR NA NA NA POOR 39 yes yes NA yes no yes yes no yes yes yes NR NA yes FAIR 41 yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no yes NR no yes FAIR 36 yes yes NR yes no no no yes yes no yes NA NA no FAIR 40 no no CD no no no no no no no NR NA NA no POOR 37 yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes no yes no NA yes FAIR 34 yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes no no CD no yes FAIR 42 yes yes NR CD no no no yes yes yes yes NA NA yes FAIR 32 yes yes yes yes no no no no no no no NR NA yes FAIR 33 yes yes yes yes no no no no yes no no NR NA yes FAIR 38 yes yes yes yes no no no no yes no yes NR NA yes FAIR *CD, cannot determine; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported.
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