Chapter 5 108 Table 5.1 - Descriptive characteristics of study sample. Total (n=117) Non-lithium exposed group (n=75) Lithium-exposed group (n=42) P-value Maternal and pregnancy characteristics Maternal age at delivery, years mean (SD) 34.31 (4.24) 34.79 (4.21) 33.45 (4.20) 0.102 Multipara, n (%) 51 (43.6) 28 (37.3) 23 (54.5) 0.198 Intoxication*, n (%) 23 (19.7) Missing 3 17 (22.7) Missing 3 6 (14.3) 0.340 Smoking, n (%) 0.698 No 95 (81.2) 59 (78.7) 36 (85.7) Yes, all trimesters 13 (11.1) 9 (12.0) 4 (9.5) Yes, only in first trimester 8 (6.9) 6 (8.0) 2 (4.8) Lithium exposure During pregnancy at any point, n (%) 42 NA In third trimester, n (%) 41 NA Dosage, mean mg/day (range) 1051.28 (400-2400) NA Psychotropic medication other than lithium, n (%) 66 (56.4) 44 (58.6) 23 (54.8) 0.940 Typical antipsychotics 8 (6.8) 4 (5.3) 4 (9.5) NA Atypical antipsychotics 39 (33.3) 26 (34.7) 13 (31.0) 0.838 SNRI 6 (5.1) 5 (6.7) 1 (2.4) NA SSRI 12 (10.3) 6 (8.0) 6 (14.3) 0.4488 TCA 1 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.4) NA TeCA 1 (0.9) 1 (1.3) 0 (0.0) NA Benzodiazepines 7 (6.0) 5 (6.7) 2 (4.8) NA Atypical antidepressants 2 (1.7) 1 (1.3) 1 (2.4) NA Anticonvulsants 15 (12.8) 11 (14.7) 4 (9.5) NA Type of bipolar disease, n (%) 0.012** I 46 (39.3) 21 (28.0) 25 (59.5) II 54 (46.2) 39 (52.0) 15 (37.5) Rapid cycling 4 (3.4) 2 (2.7) 2 (4.8) Not otherwise specified 2 (1.7) 2 (2.7) 0 (0.0) Planned pregnancy, n (%) 70 (60.0) Missing 22 42 (56.0) Missing 16 28 (66.7) Missing 6 0.640 Obesity, n (%) 25 (21.4) Missing 40 12 (16.0) Missing 28 13 (31.0) Missing 12 0.168 Pregnancy outcomes Gestational diabetes mellitus***, n (%) 15 (12.8) 9 (12.0) 6 (14.3) 0.947 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, n (%) 0.218 No 107 (91.5) 71 (94.7) 36 (85.7) Pregnancy induced hypertension 4 (3.4) 2 (2.7) 2 (4.8) Preeclampsia 6 (5.1) 2 (2.7) 4 (9.5) Polyhydramnios, n (%) 7 (6.0) Missing 40 2 (2.7) Missing 30 5 (11.9) Missing 10 0.201 Caesarean section, n (%) 34 (29.1) 18 (24.0) 16 (38.1) 0.162 Of which unplanned n (% of total caesarean sections per group) 22 (64.7) 13 (72.2) 9 (56.3) 0.540 NA, not applicable; GAD, gestational age at delivery; n, number; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation. *Alcohol/smoking/recreational drugs; **p<0.05; ***According to local protocols.
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