32 Chapter 2 Table 1: [continued] General study characteristics Quality measures First author, year Country Study design Clinical domain Participants # Reporting of outcome Risk of bias/ quality score§ (MERSQI) Level of outcome* (Kirkpatrick) Stacey, 2012 [51] Canada NCBA Oncology, palliative medicine 11 Self-reported by participants, objective assessment by observers 9.5 1,2 Sullivan, 2010 [52] US RCT Internal medicine 213 Self-reported by participants 12 1,3 Volk, 2014 [53] US PTO Multiple2) 12 (49)# Self-reported by participants 8.5 1,2 Worthington, 2020 [54] US NCBA Internal medicine, pediatrics 58 Self-reported by participants 7.5 1,2 Yuen, 2013 [55] US PTO Internal medicine 33 Self-reported by participants 7.5 1,2 Abbreviations: United States (US); the Netherlands (NL); Germany (GER); Switzerland (SUI) shared decisionmaking (SDM); controlled before and after study (CBA); non-controlled before and after study (NCBA); post-test only study (PTO); Randomized controlled trial (RCT); not applicable (N/A); objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) # Between brackets, the total number of trained health professionals in the study is mentioned, including the number of residents; only applicable when the study includes healthcare professionals other than residents in the training * Levels of Kirkpatrick: 1 = level 1 ‘reactions’; 2 = level 2 ‘learning’; 3 = level 3 ‘behavior’; 4 = level 4 ‘results’ § Higher quality MERSQI scores above the median score (> 11.75) are represented in green † Scores meeting the quality criterion according to our evaluation framework (Y) are represented in green ⁰ Whole day training is defined as reaching a minimum of approximately 6 to 7 hours of training time ‡ Learner-centered means practical in nature, e.g., using learner practice examples/reflecting learners’ practice, not solely predetermined training content or teacher-centered 1) Specialties/units involved: stroke unit, multiple sclerosis outpatient ward, stem cell transplantation unit, dentistry, radiation oncology, surgery, neurosurgery, gynecology 2) Primary care specialties involved: family medicine, internal medicine, infectious diseases, preventive medicine, and clinical psychology The studies printed in italic and bold represent studies with at least four critical training characteristics and three essential SDM elements described in their training content, thus meeting all thresholds of the evaluation framework
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