30 Chapter 2 Table 1: [continued] General study characteristics Quality measures First author, year Country Study design Clinical domain Participants # Reporting of outcome Risk of bias/ quality score§ (MERSQI) Level of outcome* (Kirkpatrick) Harman, 2019 [42] US NCBA Internal medicine, pediatrics Unclear Assessment by (peer-) observers 11.5 3 Henselmans, 2019 [43] NL RCT Medical oncology 14 (31)# Self-reported by participants; objective assessment by rating videos 16 1,2,3 Kanzaria, 2020 [44] US PTO Emergency medicine 28 Self-reported by participants, objective assessment by observers 6.5 2 Légaré, 2012 [11] Canada RCT Family medicine 250 Self-reported by participants; patient experiences 14.5 3,4 Ritter, 2019 [45] SUI CBA Internal medicine 27 Self-reported by participants, objective assessment by observers 12.5 2,3 Robertson, 2021 [46] US RCT Anesthesio-logy 60 Self-reported by participants, objective assessment by observers 13 1,2 Roter, 2012 [47] US NCBA; patients in RCT Family medicine 9 (29)# Self-reported by participants, patient experiences 11.5 3 Rusiecki, 2018 [48] US NCBA Internal medicine, pediatrics 36 Self-reported by participants; objective assessment by observers and in a knowledge test 12.5 2,3 Sherman, 2005 [49] US RCT Pediatrics 27 Self-reported by participants 12 2,3 Simmons, 2016 [50] US PTO Internal medicine, pediatrics 130 Self-reported by participants, objective measurement of instrument use 8 1
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