151 6 Cochrane review on integrated disease management for COPD professional caregivers from di erent disciplines, revision of professional roles, integration of services, local team meetings. • Financial intervention: fees/payments/grants for providing IDM. Furthermore, as IDM included di erent components, as mentioned above, di erent healthcare disciplines should be involved in delivery of the IDM programme. Hence, we included a study only if at least two di erent disciplines of healthcare providers were actively involved in the IDM programme. Finally, a study should have a minimum duration of the IDM intervention of three months. For all studies, we determined the dominant component of the programme by verifying with the study authors. If this was not possible, we decided based on the duration and intensity of each component. With the emergence of telemonitoring studies, we added telemonitoring as a separate dominant component post hoc. Types of outcome measures We speci ed the following outcomes a priori. Primary outcomes 1. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as reported by a validated disease-speci c questionnaire (e.g. St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) - Jones 1991; Jones 2005; Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) - Kocks 2006 , van der Molen 2003; Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) - Guyatt 1987; Guyatt 2011; COPD Assessment Test (CAT) - Jones 2009) or a generic quality of life questionnaire (e.g. Short Form-36 (SF- 36) - Ware 1992 EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) - EuroQol Group 1990) 2. Maximal or functional exercise capacity, as reported by peak capacity measured in the exercise laboratory by an incremental exercise test de ned according to results of the 6-minute walking distance test (6MWD) - Redelmeier 1997 - or the shuttle run test - Singh 1992 3. Exacerbation-related outcomes, as reported by one of the following: all-cause hospital admissions, respiratory-related hospital admissions, all-cause hospital days, emergency department (ED) visits, patients with at least one exacerbation and patients with at least one prescription for prednisone and at least one for antibiotics. These outcomes follow the latest de nitions of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the GOLD guideline and are also used in the two latest Cochrane Reviews assessing exacerbations as a primary outcome (GOLD 2020; Threapleton 2019; Walsh 2019)
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