COVID-19 burden differed by city district and ethnicity during the pre-vaccination era in Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3 79 Figure 4. Age- and sex-standardised rate ratios of COVID-19 hospitlization in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 15 June 2020 and 20 January 2021, stratified by migration background and city district of residence Central city districts (higher SES) = Central, West, South and East districts higher average incomes; Peripheral city districts (lower SES) = South-East, North and New-West. European migration background included migrants originating from North America, Australasia, Indonesia or Japan, due to their high socio-economic status compared to non-European countries. Death rates Supplementary Tables S5 and S6 show death DSR per 100,000 population by city district and migration background in the population matched to the population registry. Mortality DSR were 1.4 times higher among individuals living in peripheral compared to central city districts (RR 1.40, 95%CI=1.18-1.64). Specifically, mortality DSR were the highest in individuals living in New-West (RR=2.32, 95%CI=1.80-2.84) and West (RR=2.26, 95%CI=1.712.80) compared to the city center. When comparing death DSR in individuals with a nonEuropean background to individuals without a migration background this reveals twofold higher DSR in the non-European group (RR 1.98, 95%CI=1.73-2.23). Similar to DSR for infections and hospitalisation, individuals with Moroccan heritage (RR=2.61, 95%CI=2.23-
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw