Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after illness onset: A prospective cohort study of patients with mild to critical COVID-19 7 229 Total Excluded Included p-value N=349 N=163 N=186 Moderate 151 (43%) 72 (44%) 79 (42%) Severe/critical 99 (28%) 56 (34%) 43 (23%) Hospital admission 179 (51%) 105 (64%) 74 (40%) <0.001 ICU admission 45 (13%) 19 (12%) 26 (14%) 0.63 Days from illness onset to COVID-19 diagnosis 4 (2-10) 4 (2-11) 5 (2-9) 0.43 Days from illness onset to hospitalisation 9 (7-14) 9 (6-14) 9 (7-12) 0.90 Days from illness onset to ICU admission 10 (7-12) 9 (7-12) 10 (7-11) 0.71 Received oxygen therapy before or during follow-up 169 (49%) 97 (61%) 72 (39%) <0.001 Type of steroid <0.001 No steroid 241 (69%) 98 (60%) 143 (77%) Dexamethasone 79 (23%) 54 (33%) 25 (13%) Other steroid 28 (8%) 10 (6%) 18 (10%) Missing 1 (0%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%) Maximal HR, beats/min 83 (72-94) 87 (76-97) 79 (71-92) 0.002 Maximal RR, breaths/min 20 (16-24) 20 (16-24) 20 (16-22) 0.050 Lowest SpO2, % 96 (91-98) 95 (89-98) 96 (92-98) 0.040 COVID-19 vaccination status (primary series) <0.001 Not vaccinated 31 (9%) 30 (18%) 1 (1%) Vaccinated 228 (65%) 43 (26%) 185 (99%) LTFU before vaccination 90 (26%) 90 (55%) 0 (0%) Time from illness onset to first vaccination, days 244 (144-361) 247 (77-345) 244 (151-363) 0.46 Died during follow-up 5 (1%) 4 (2%) 1 (1%) 0.19 Place of recruitment <0.001 Non-hospital 161 (46%) 55 (34%) 106 (57%) Hospital 188 (54%) 108 (66%) 80 (43%) Type of inclusion 0.81 Prospective 257 (74%) 121 (74%) 136 (73%) Retrospective 92 (26%) 42 (26%) 50 (27%) Days from illness onset to inclusion in study 12 (6-38) 14 (8-32) 10 (5-62) 0.14 Prospective inclusions only 9 (5-15) 11 (7-16) 8 (4-13) <0.001 Retrospective inclusions only 85 (72-94) 79 (52-94) 87 (81-94) 0.086 Follow-up time from enrolment in study 499.0 (274.0-659.0) 274.0 (85.0-499.0) 581.0 (486.0-696.0) <0.001 Lost to follow-up 158 (45%) 107 (66%) 51 (27%) NA Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HR, heart rate; ICU, intensive care unit; LTFU, lost to follow-up; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; NA, not applicable; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SpO2, oxygen saturation on room air; RR, respiratory rate; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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