28 Chapter 2 well on my work”. The response options to the items range from 1 (totally disagree) to 7 (totally agree). In the instructions, participants were asked to respond to statements about their behavior towards their work, to further emphasize the proactive and goaloriented nature of PVM. Procedure and Participants Data were collected in the Netherlands with the help of student-assistants who sent online questionnaires to working individuals in their network (i.e., network sampling; Demerouti &Rispens, 2014). We chose this data collectionmethod to reach a high number of individuals, working in different professions and organizations. In total, 835 people started the questionnaire, of which 813 persons (97%) actually responded to the items of our scale. Themean age of the participants was 34.98 (SD = 13.24), and 56.6%of the sample wasmale. Of all participants, 41.5%had completed higher vocational education and 25.7% held a university degree. Participants worked on average 38.69 hours per week (SD = 8.44) in a wide range of professions and industries, including finances (15.5%), business (12.1%), health care (9.2%), trade (8.2%), hotel and catering (7.6%), education (5.4%), construction work (4.6%), or other sectors such as government, agriculture and the creative industry. On average, participants’ organizational tenure was 7.00 years (SD = 9.09). Further, 55.7% had a permanent work contract (as opposed to a temporary contract or self-employment), and 31.5% of the sample held a supervisory position. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In order to examine the factorial validity of the scale, we randomly split the dataset into two separate, unique samples to be used for exploratory factor analysis (Sample 1; N = 407), and confirmatory factor analysis (Sample 2; N = 406) on the items that were intended to assess PVM. Exploratory Factor Analysis Using Sample 1, we performed a principal components analysis (varimax rotation) on the pool of eighteen items to examine whether a meaningful factor representing ‘proactive vitality management ’ could be obtained. We aimed to develop a reliable instrument while avoiding an overly exhaustive scale containing too many items
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