147 Proactive Vitality Management Among Employees with Chronic Liver Disease proactive vitality management strategies. Moreover, a better understanding of the self could facilitate the selection of suitable behavioral strategies that correspond to their situational and personal needs, preferences, and restrictions (Op den Kamp et al., 2020). Self-insight has been identified as “an important metacognitive process for stimulating adaptive, self-directed change” (Cowden & Meyer-Weitz, 2016, p. 1134; see also Carver & Scheier, 1998). In this process, chronically ill employees with more self-insight may monitor the effectiveness of their attempts at change, and use this feedback to sustain or develop progress towards their goals (Grant, 2001). Accordingly, as a form of selfdirected change, individuals with high (vs. low) self-insight may more effectively use proactive vitality management to promote optimal functioning at work. Research also suggests that self-insight tends to increase confidence that one will achieve their goal and live up to their potential (Cowden & Meyer-Weitz, 2016). This could boost can-to motivation (Parker et al., 2010), stimulating individuals with a chronic health condition to persist and continue their proactive vitality management efforts even when they encounter difficulties or adversity in the process. Hypothesis 3: The negative relationships between T1 proactive vitality management and (a) T3 functional limitations and (b) T3 absenteeism through T2 exhaustion are stronger for individuals with high (vs. low) self-insight. Hypothesis 4: The positive relationship between T1 proactive vitality management and T3 creative work performance through T2 work engagement is stronger for individuals with high (vs. low) self-insight. METHOD Procedure and Participants The current study was carried out among individuals with a chronic liver condition. Data collection took place in the Netherlands. Participants were recruited with the help of the Dutch Association for Liver Patients (NLV). Information on the study and a link to an online survey (i.e., programmed in Qualtrics) were distributed to the associations’ members via e-mail, a newsletter, and the website. After clicking on the link to the survey, participants received more information about the study and were 6
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